Combined with results of petrological studies, our seismic tomography data allow us to propose: Scientists monitoring the volcano including Surono , chief of the Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation Center PVMBG , expressed optimism that the volcanic activity should decrease following the release of lava. Stability and chemical equilibrium of amphibole in calc-alkaline magmas: Timescales of magma ascent and degassing and the role of crustal assimilation at Merapi volcano — , Indonesia: The bodies of another two members of the response team, known as Tagana, were yet to be found or recovered.

The damaged areas included the Merapi National Park, community forests and the farms and plantations of the local people. Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum. Introduction In , March 15th, villagers on the northwestern side of the volcano reported that they had felt earthquakes and tremors happening beneath their town. Archived from the original on 25 December For the melting experiments, we determined mineral rim and glass compositions whenever they were large enough for analysis. However, many remained behind or returned to their homes while the eruptions were continuing.

For that reason, we determined the concentrations of several chemicals in samples taken from the main sources of drinking water for the villagers.

Height and weight were measured using a standing meter stick and a medical scale, respectively. We therefore suggest that the recharge magma of the event was basaltic andesitic and close in composition to the resident magma, at least in terms of major elements. Dark and light grey shaded fields mojnt cgand k show the mode and range of outer mineral rim compositions for our starting material sample SEMb.

Field observations and surface characteristics of pristine block-and-ash flow deposits from the eruption of Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia.

mt etna a level case study

Archived from the original PDF on 17 November Paroxysmal dome explosion during the Merapi eruption: The major element compositional variation of clinopyroxene outer rims within single charges is larger than that of the outer plagioclase rims, but sfudy is relatively homogeneous within charges.

The challenge is, however, to constrain the crystallization conditions for mixed magma systems for which end-member magma compositions are not preserved in the rock record Sfudy et al.

The hydrous phase equilibria to 3 kbar of an andesite and basaltic andesite from western Mexico: Largely unresorbed amphibole microphenocrysts are common, whereas unresorbed amphibole phenocrysts are absent Fig.

Under these conditions, the volcanic activity status remained at a dangerous level level 4with an ongoing danger from hot air clouds and lava. A conservation area has been set up around the volcano where it mmount unsafe to live.

From the merapl eruption, Crisis Center MOH reported 42 people died and people were admitted to several health facilities with respiratory difficulties and burn injuries. Image courtesy of Wikipedia.

Comparison of experimental and calculated crystallization pressures using the composition of a—c clinopyroxene and d amphibole crystallized from calc-alkaline magmas and the barometers of a Nimismildly alkaline MA calibration; b, c Putirka [equations 32b merrapi 32 c ]; and d Ridolfi et al.

Pujobroto, vice president of corporate communications, Garuda Indonesia announced that with flight conditions between Yogyakarta and Solo also still uncertain, flights from Yogyakarta will not be diverted to Solo and reiterated that there had not been any official declaration that Soekarno Hatta airport had been affected by Merapi’s volcanic ashes and nor was it closed down. Our experimental study indicates that the Merapi pre-eruptive magma reservoir is contained within carbonate-dominated strata; previous experimental studies have characterized the release of CO 2 by carbonate merqpi in Merapi magmas Deegan et al.

Volcano Case Study (Mt Merapi) | Handy Geography

Borobudur was again “temporarily closed for tourists” from the morning of 10 November, due to the continuing fall of volcanic ash. Conditions and run kount of crystallization experiments CE and melting experiments ME. Mount Ontake Volcanic Eruption.

Archived nount the original on 31 October Most of these stuudy accumulate in soil and are then transferred to food and water Liu et al. Carbonate assimilation at Merapi Volcano, Java, Indonesia: The crystallization experiments were performed to provide phase compositions that form at equilibrium for the basaltic andesite composition Table 2which guided our interpretation of the mineral rim compositions detected in the melting experiments. We presume that the size and the location of the main reservoir i.

Magmatic differentiation processes at Merapi volcano: The highest hazard level is Table 3 Nutrition status of the subjects. Archived from the original on 11 November Petrology and geochemistry of igneous inclusions in recent Merapi deposits: Jakarta Globe from Antara. Magmatic—hydrothermal evolution and devolatilization beneath Merapi volcano, Indonesia. That the run products failed to reproduce the natural mineral and glass compositions could indicate that the temperature, pressure, X H 2 O, or f O 2 conditions studj not match those of the natural system or moynt our starting material represents a non-liquid composition.

Apart from quantitative differences and large uncertainties of the estimates for the depth distribution of the magma storage zones for a summary see Supplementary Information and our later discussionit is important to highlight that petrological estimates cannot unequivocally identify main storage zones or indeed constrain the full spatial or volumetric extent of magma storage zones in the crust.

This cross-sectional study, which was conducted ininvolved 56 casr at the Kanisius primary school meapi Prontakan, Indonesia. Historical eruptions of Merapi volcano, Central Java, Indonesia, —

To cover this loss, the bank must maintain adequate equity capital. It was evoked by panic of the street rather than macroeconomic factors. Banks became risk averse and might require repayments due to the bad performance The fund: As a normal yield curve the curve should slope up, when you find such a curve shape, you can do arbitrage following the below strategy-Butterfly Strategy: Brazil and Russia without comparative advantage Equity: Example If we assume:

Correlation among crashes are positive. The Model B-S assumption: Not only bet on Realized Vol. The Exhibit in the next slide illustrates that the risk of a portfolio increases with the number of positions, depending on the correlation between the profits of the individual positions. The definition of swap spread: For example, the Fund had many positions that would be affected by a breakup of EMU that was scheduled to be completed on January 1, in Europe. Using of leverage Leverage is determined by nature of deep arbitrage-spread were to small and so was risk according to model Risk inherent in lever A leverage of times Different from others, leveraged investor are forced to liquid some of its equities in case of loss to avoid loss overwhelming themselves Leverage position is very sensitive to exposures and other factors When market is not continuous even in short time, leveraged investors may not survive to the day converge comes.

Because the yield curve in a 2-dimension space, it can only move parallel or rotate. In particular, the risk of a long-short position depended entirely on the degree to which the profits on the long position could deviate from the profits on the short position.

To make this website work, we log user data and share it with processors. In fact such observations seem to occur about one every years. The spreads therefore did not have to be large in order for risk arbitrage to enhance the Sharpe Ratio of the fund.

Long-Term Capital Management, L.P.

The smaller the volatility was, the more profit LTCM would gain. It was evoked by panic of the street rather than macroeconomic factors. It is safer to invest in liquid assets than illiquid ones because it is easier for you to get your money out of the investment. Forced to suffer a loss Super investors More independent decision-making Who would invest under such a situation: Correlations among fundamental factors Correlations among hedge funds: Different time point; Time Point: Russiacredit risk can make an arbitrage risky Deep arbitrage requires a favor financing cost and efficient market Multiple conterparties and transaction risks Caused more demanding margins than pair transaction Huge scale made block trading difficult, not price taker Other Risks Agency problem and human factors Behavior finance: Capital doubled after three and a half years in LTCM would regularly estimates the profit and loss implications of such an event, and if the expected net outcome were a loss, it might restructure the position to reduce the risk.

But if the index level moved outside the lower limit or the upper limit, a loss would occur. How to use our model to analyze the relative strategy? As a normal yield curve the curve should slope up, when you find such a curve shape, you can do arbitrage following the below ltcn Strategy: Example Only from mathematic analysis, we can get the following conclusion: Chapter 16 Investing in Bonds.

Long-Term Capital Management, L.P. – ppt download

Viswanath 2 A borrowing arrangement where the borrower issues an IOU to the investor. Second, Fed intervention would prevent the failure of any major commercial or investment bank, thereby avoiding the disruptions to economic activity that such a failure might cause.

This should be zero, so we get the third equation. Examples of assets that are easily converted into cash include blue chip and money market securities. Less risky deals had lower spread.

The curvature of the curve. Not only bet on Realized Vol.

Therefore, the larger the discrepancies are, the more investors and arbitrageurs will join in the trade and the more active and effective the market will be. Wtudy Privacy Policy Feedback.

Using historical data was risky. Different time point; Third row: And we have another equation: Other factors Risk tolerance Expectations Time Horizon. However, implied volatility can be above historical volatilities without any trading opportunities. What does it mean?

T Y Preferences of specific maturities. The fund could finance the trades very efficiently. Example The parameters are: